Signal Processors

A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally in real-time. more...

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Characteristics of Digital Signal Processors

Separate program and data memories (Harvard architecture).; Special Instructions for SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) operations.; Only parallel processing, no multitasking.; The ability to act as a direct memory access device if in a host environment.; Takes digital data from ADC (Analog-Digital Converter) and passes out data which is finally output by converting into analog by DAC (Digital-Analog Converter).;

loose change 2.

Digital signal processing

Digital signal processing can be done on general-purpose microprocessors. Possible optimizations:

Data operators

Saturation arithmetic, in which operations that produce overflows will accumulate at the maximum (or minimum) values that the register can hold rather than wrapping around (maximum+1 doesn't overflow to minimum as in many general-purpose CPUs, instead it stays at maximum). Sometimes various sticky bits operation modes are available.; Multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations, which is good for any kind of matrix operation, such as convolution for filtering, Dot product, or even polynomial evaluation (see Horner scheme, also Fused multiply-add). Single cycle MAC is an assumption in many DSPs, thus a lot of the following properties are derived (esp. Harvard architecture and pipelining).; Specialized instructions for modulo addressing in ring buffers and bit-reversed addressing mode for FFT cross-referencing.;

Program flow

Deep pipelining. That makes wrongly predicted branches costly, but increases the throughput of the system.; Branch prediction. Either with a dynamic table or hard coded as zero-overhead looping. To alleviate the branch impact for execution hi-frequent inner-loops, some processors provide this feature. There are two types of operation: single instruction repeating and multi-instruction loops.;

History

In 1978, Intel released the 2920 as an "analog signal processor". It had an on-chip ADC/DAC with an internal signal processor, but it didn't have a hardware multiplier and was not successful in the market. In 1979, AMI released the S2811. It was designed as a microprocessor peripheral, and it had to be initialized by the host. The S2811 was likewise not successful in the market.

In 1979, Bell Labs introduced the first single chip DSP, the Mac 4 Microprocessor. Then, in 1980 the first stand-alone, complete DSPs -- the NEC µPD7720 and AT&T DSP1 -- were presented at the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference '80. Both processors were inspired by the research in PSTN telecommunications.

The Altamira DX-1 was another early DSP, utilizing a quad integer pipelines with delayed branches and branch prediction.

Read more at Wikipedia.org